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Dr. Nicholas White, Director of the Astrophysics Science Division at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], says “…black holes are really just the evolutionary end point of massive stars.” All black holes comply with the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics and are therefore easily calculated.
class="dynamic">Black Hole Formation
In “The Circle of Life” it was described how stars are born, die and are reborn; however, we did not discuss what happens to the material that is left over after the star’s destruction – the star core. Circle described Electron Degeneracy and its effect on star performance. After the energy is released in a super nova event, gravity takes over again; however, this time the electron forces can’t stop the star core’s collapse. Past electron degeneracy there are two further stages and subsequently two further options for the star core. If the residual core is stellar mass units then Neutron degeneracy will support the collapse and balance out gravitational forces. No further collapse will occur and the star will stabilize - a neutron star will be born. A residual core greater than 2.0 stellar mass units without fusion, will create an easily explained, yet mysterious phenomenon called a black hole (this article will not discuss theoretical micro black holes.) Past electron and neutron degeneracy the core will uncontrollably collapse past the Schwarzschild radius (or Event Horizon) and create the mysterious Black Hole. According to an international team of astronomers, lead by Dr. Eugene Churazov and Dr. Rashid Sunyaev, and the Space Research Institute [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Moscow; “astronomers believe there are tens of millions of active black holes spread throughout space…”
Black holes have several unique qualities that many find difficult to understand: the concept of the photon sphere, an event horizon and more difficultly that point or singularity.
Three basic types of black holes exist: Stellar-mass (2-20 solar masses), Intermediate-mass (>1,000 solar masses) and Super-massive black holes (millions-billions of solar masses.) Yet no matter what size the black hole there is no outward force to stop the gravitational forces from collapsing the star. The collapse will continue until a singularity is reached. This is a point where the volume of the star’s core is zero and its density is infinite. The gravitational forces are so great that light photons can not escape the event horizon and thus direct visual observation of the singularity is impossible.
The Point of No Return
The Photon Sphere is that point where gravitational forces bend light photons at an equal distance around the center of the star core. According to Dr. Robert Nemiroff, Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Pennsylvania & Michigan Technical University [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], at the photon sphere can see the back of your head.” The Photon Sphere in a non-rotational core is 3/2 times the event horizon radius. A core 10 times our sun is a 10 solar mass black hole with a Schwarzschild radius of 30 km and a Photon Sphere of 45 km.
The event horizon is nothing more than the radius of a particular sphere. The actual radius of any particular sphere depends on the mass of the core. The Event Horizon is easily calculated and basically lies at 3 times the solar mass of the core in kilometers. A core 10 times our sun is a 10 solar mass black hole with a Schwarzschild radius of 30 km.
The Singularity is a phenomenon that requires discussion well above the scope of this article. What happens prior to and at the singularity is a matter for String Theory debate. Suffice it to say, the singularity is beyond the event horizon where the escape velocity of light is greater than the gravitational force of the black hole. A point where conventional laws no longer apply and space-time are distorted.
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