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Essential Oils as Natural Food Preservatives
Thyme, an Ancient Herbal Remedy
Thyme Essential Oil
Use as Natural Antibacterials
Thymol and carvacrol are members of a class of plant chemicals known as monoterpene phenols. They have potent natural antimicrobial properties and are major components of the essential oils of thyme and oregano. These natural chemicals have long been recognized for their antibacterial uses; modern research is now verifying these properties.
Thymol and carvacrol, two different monoterpene phenols with similar properties, are isomeric molecules. This means they have the same chemical formula (C10H14O), but different structures.
According to Wickes and Lloyd (1999-2010), thymol was first identified by Caspar Neumann in 1719, then purified and named by M. Lallemand in 1853. Naturally [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], it is found in the essential oils of thymol-type thyme (Thymus spp.) and the Monarda genus (bee balm, horsemint, etc.), as well as some other plants.
In addition to the two rings of isoprene, monoterpene phenols contain a hydroxyl group (OH) as well as a variety of different side chains of atoms. These side chains are what make each different monoterpene phenol molecule unique.
The compounds thymol and carvacrol, as well as other monoterpene phenols and the essential oils that contain them, are highly irritating. Their use on or in the body is not recommended.
In contemporary aromatherapy, essential oils that contain carvacrol and thymol are known as natural antibacterials and antifungals.
Modern researchers are studying the antimicrobial effects of essential oils and their active components, including thymol and carvacrol. Here is a summary of some of the research findings:
Monoterpene phenols (and the essential oils that contain them) are known for having irritating, stimulating, and antiseptic effects.
Thymol and carvacrol are both effective against E. coli (Xu, Zhou, Ji, Pei, & Xu, 2008), though carvacrol is more effective than thymol (Cristani et al., 2007).Along with E. coli, carvacrol was foudn to be completely effective against Penicillium citrinum (De Martino, De Feo, Fratianni, & Nazzaro, 2009).Thymol is significantly effective against Staphylococcus aureus (Cristani et al., 2007).Thymol and carvacrol appear to harm bacterial cell membranse, as well as enter the bacteria and change cell processes. These effects may account for their antibacterial properties. (Cristani et al. [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], 2007; Di Pasqua, Mamone, Ferranti, Ercolini, & Mauriello, 2010; Xu, Zhou [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Ji, Pei, & Xu, 2008)Warnings
Monoterpene phenols are created by plants and are major components of essential oils. They are organic (carbon-based) molecules that are made up two connected rings of carbon. These rings, called isoprene, each have five carbon molecules. (Isoprene is the the building block for a wide variety of other substances, including other terpene molecules, cholesterol, steroid hormones, vitamin A, and natural rubber.)
Thymol and Carvacrol
Carvacrol is found in thyme (Thymus spp.) and oregano (Origanum vulgaris) essential oils.
In the late 19th century, thymol as an isolated substance was an original ingredient of the antiseptic liquid Listerine (which was first used as a surgical antiseptic); to this day, it remains an active ingredient of Listerine. In addition, it is found in such products as Gold Bond Powder.
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What are Monoterpene Phenols?